Church to Connect Essay

â€Å"Our future isn't to be found in our conservation yet in our investment† (19). â€Å"The most ideal approach to anticipate what's to come is to make it† (20). â€Å"Fewer individuals are going to chapel on account of the reducing impact of Christ on the congregation itself. † â€Å"We compared being a productive member of society with being a decent Christian. We lived without oppression and before long ended up without conviction. We didn’t lose America; we parted with her! In our frenzy and weakness we went to political intends to look to recover what we once had through profound arousing . However as an ethical greater part we were unable to achieve what God could through Gideon’s few† (28). â€Å"Once we were called Christians by an unbelieving world and now we call ourselves Christians and the world calls us wolves in sheep's clothing. Is it conceivable that it wasn’t the country that was getting hazardously mainstream however the congregation? We were neither significant nor otherworldly. We have become, in the most noticeably awful of ways, strict. We are the organizers of the common nation† (29). â€Å"The church turned into an asylum from the world as opposed to a power on the planet. Consistency and solidness became predominant themes†¦. The gospel moved from a congregation determined to a congregation that upheld missions† (30). â€Å"How might we be able to ever believe that the Christian confidence would be protected when its focal allegory is an instrument of death? It's anything but a fortuitous event that immersion is a water grave portraying passing and revival. It is no less critical that the progressing statute of the Lord’s Supper is a token of penance. How did we ever build up a protected religious philosophy from such a hazardous confidence? †(33) â€Å"Institutions protect culture while developments make culture† (34). â€Å"For years the main part of American Christians who were focused on missions could just take an interest through giving and supplicating. Today, the call to crosscultural service doesn’t even require going; it just requires remaining with a purpose† (45). â€Å"Where once the agnostic lived in the nation and the peril of the city was to be Christianized; presently Christians will in general live away from the urban communities and view the urban occupant as the genuine pagan† (46). â€Å"Gideon was centered around mass; God was centered around momentum† (69). â€Å"It’s difficult to accept that a development conceived of visionaries and visionaries would turn out to be predominantly known for its customs and rituals† (138). â€Å"Just in light of the fact that an individual can't peruse doesn’t mean she comes up short on the ability to learn. One’s current condition isn't a sign of potential, yet of development† (211). III. Remarkable POINTS/ANALYSIS 1. The Need for the Church to Connect with this Generation The creator talks about how in the previous 40 years networks have changed significantly yet numerous neighborhood holy places have remained the equivalent. This clarifies the immateriality and insolvency of the congregation concerning being salt and light and working as operators of progress for culture. Indeed, even the manner in which the gospel is conveyed must be changed on the off chance that we are going to arrive at this current age. One of the emotional changes in our condition is the move from words to pictures. To do church in a manner that is altogether textdriven is the kiss of death. Individuals don’t read, they just watch. Past the development of a postliterate society, we have a culture raised on diversion (17). As McManus states, â€Å"While relatively few chapels play out their administrations in Latin today, our language, style, music, and strategies are essentially Latin to the unchurched population† (81).

Nacirema Culture

Nacirema culture is described by the dedicated and rich individuals who live in the characteristic living space blessed with lavishness and invested the vast majority of their energy in building up their economy so as to improve their lives’ status.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Nacirema Culture explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are ceremonial in the manner they do their standard undertakings and regular capacities, for example, men day by day ceremony of shaving their facial hair, ladies ceremonies of preparing their hair four times each month, visiting their dental specialists two times every year, day by day bathing of the face, washing and excretory is customarily done stealthily and even booked sex. Nacirema culture is a cultivated culture. The manner in which they do, their things depict an exceptionally socialized society whose patients go to the medical clinics to be treated by the extraordinary wellbeing experts, for examp le, specialists, dental specialists, clinicians, and attendants. They likewise utilize clean treated water and cleansers in every day cleanness. The way of life likewise depict a sound cognizant society in the manner they have ritualized their cleanness in their washrooms, consider their bodies defenseless to illnesses henceforth should be taken acceptable consideration of, every day brushing of their teeth and going to dental specialist two times per year. Digger depicted Nacirema culture from the unseemly individual point see since he was unable to portray what comprises human progress; each part of the Nacirema culture was very unusual to him. Digger portrayed wellbeing, cleanness and magnificence exceptionally unusual however the impression I got shows that Nacirema culture is a decent culture which is touchy to wellbeing matters and might want to live in that sort of society. Excavator utilized odd portrayals, for example, cleric treating (water treatment plants), therapist (Li stener), sink (little textual style), and clinic (sanctuary or laptipso). Misconception of the Nacirema culture can antagonistically influence their social picture and depict their general public practices and customs as odd and complex. The early introduction can delineates Nacirema culture as so formal in their method of living since they go to sanctuaries day by day, ladies heating their hair, utilizing blessed water, conversing with witchdoctors and a lot increasingly abnormal depictions of their rites.Advertising Looking for paper on social examinations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Characteristics of American culture share similar qualities with the Nacirema culture since they are persevering and rich, ceremonial in their day by day normal, edified in their expectations for everyday comforts and are a solid society. Miner’s portrayal of Nacirema culture delineates them as odd and puzzling society which quite a while back before the beginning of development however seeing from the diagnostic perspective and comprehension the miner’s language of depiction. Deciphering the bizarre depictions of Nacirema culture depicts the positive culture of the general public. Social relativism is an anthropological methodology that treats all societies similarly in their examinations to give an unbiased perspective (Glazer, 1996). The significance of social relativism gives a top to bottom investigation of culture with an impartial eye so as to comprehend it at its own legitimacy and not from the perspective of different societies. Since social relativism is a logical investigation of societies, decisions are not considered as legitimate qualities that can be normalized and utilized in measuring shifted societies. The decisions, for example, fortunate or unfortunate, set in stone are exceptionally abstract qualities that relies upon societies (Glazer, 1996). Without social relativism, the invest igation of societies will offer one-sided and bogus input about different societies by depicting different societies as pretty much developed as others depict. References Glazer, M. (1996). Social Relativism. Anthropological Theory and Methodology. Web. Digger, H. (1996). Body Ritual among the Nacirema. American Anthropological Association. Recovered fromâ web. This paper on Nacirema Culture was composed and put together by client Pa1ge to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

District Manager Essay Samples - Great Emerging Leader Essay Samples

District Manager Essay Samples - Great Emerging Leader Essay SamplesDistrict managers are likely to think of emerging leaders as somebody who does not have the right experience. With this, they will not be impressed by what these emerging leaders are offering. However, you can make your essay stand out. This is not a hard task because the new leaders usually have good strategies that they could share with you.Emerging leaders could also share their knowledge and experience about their experiences and learnings. They could also try to serve as guides for you. So, it is best to ask for their advice and try to learn from them.Some other tips that you should keep in mind when trying to look for true leaders is that some of the greatest and most successful leaders did not start right away. Instead, they started just before the company's success. It is therefore important that you start off by writing an essay.Writing an essay is not easy. This is because most of the time, there are many t hings that you have to learn or brush up on. Therefore, the best option is to take help from a good online essay writing service.You should check out the leading essay writing service by searching for good companies online. There are many sites that offer essays and suchlike services. Some of the more well-known ones include Inbox of Memories, Writer's Market, Quotations, Essay Builder, and More Essays.You should first check out what type of essay they provide for you. Most of the time, it is either for informational purposes or to encourage the students to think about leadership. The latter has a lot of space to write their own views, thus, it is advisable to take assistance from a professional essay writer.The best essay samples are usually written by experts in the field. This is because it is only by knowing something about the particular field or a particular topic, the essay writer is able to come up with a useful essay. This is also because the best essay writers have a lot o f things to teach the emerging leaders.It is also important that you take time to check out the essay samples that you could get from other writers. This is because the knowledge and experience that they have is usually very vast. This is because they are able to cover a lot of ground.

The American Revolution A Concise History By Robert J....

In The American Revolution: A Concise History, by Robert J. Allison, the main thesis of the book is the American Revolution. Allison thoroughly describes not only events that took place during the war but the events that caused the war and its aftereffects. Allison discusses tons of key players who were a major part of the war that many were unaware of like John Burgoyne, Henry Clinton and several other generals and/or politicians who helped shaped the war. Furthermore, one major point Allison would continue to bring up in the book is unity. In the beginning of the book, Allison illustrates how each colony functioned and how divided the colonies were before. He even mentions how the colonies had ‘no formal communication system joining them’. But as Allison continues to discuss the wars’ events, he shows how the colonies began to unify to fight against the British. Another main point the books makes is how America was viewed after the war. After the American Revo lution, immigrants and people who came to America saw how fast it was changing with their landscape, educational rates, and the diverse amount of religions. Allison states that many saw ‘these features continued to set America apart,’ . In addition, Allison explains how America did not want their government to end up like Britain’s government and creating a republican government. The government proposed was one of ‘a national government with a national legislature, executive, and judiciary. TheShow MoreRelatedFounding of the United States708 Words   |  3 Pageswere characterized by influential political leaders and also strong statesmen who able to offer the right leadership and guidance in these periods. These period are; American Revolution, Jefferson Era, Americas Economic Revolution and the Civil War. The American Revolution took place between 1775-1783 and is popularly known as the American war of independence and is considered by many scholars to be one of the most important and iconic wars of all time. It was a fight between the British and its 13 coloniesRead MoreAmerican Revolution Essay2256 Words   |  10 PagesA revolution is defined as being a generally violent attempt by many people to end one rule of governing, and to create their own (Websters Dictionary). The founding of our own independent country is based on such a notion, with our forefathers fighting to gain their freedom from the oppressive rule of Colonial England. With rampant fears of tyranny from a country deemed a super power, the American people were divided in their views of creating their own government, making the definition of a revolutionRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThree Ethical Decis ion Criteria 187 †¢ Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188 Summary and Implications for Managers 190 S A S A S A L L L Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalization! Chinese Time, North American Time 171 Myth or Science? Creative Decision Making Is a Right-Brain Activity 181 Self-Assessment Library Am I A Deliberate Decision Maker? 183 An Ethical Choice Whose Ethical Standards to Follow? 185 Self-Assessment Library How Creative Am I? 190Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesInterior Design Senior Media Editor Senior Photo Editor Production Management Cover Design Cover Credit George Hoffman Lise Johnson Sarah Vernon Amy Scholz Laura Finley Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Susan McLaughlin Kevin Murphy Laura Ierardi Allison Morris Hilary Newman mb editorial services David Levy  ©Michael Eudenbach/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book by Aptaracorp, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/KendallvilleRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesExpert Systems 241 Obtaining an Expert System 242 Examples of Expert Systems 242 Neural Networks 244 Virtual Reality 245 Review Questions 250 †¢ Discussion Questions 250 †¢ Bibliography 251 Chapter 7 E-Business Systems 253 Brief History of the Internet E-Business Technologies 254 254 Legal and Regulatory Environment 257 Strategic E-Business Opportunities (and Threats) B2B Applications 260 B2C Applications 263 Two Dot-Com Retailers 264 Two Traditional CatalogRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pages and my daughter, Anna C. O. ââ€"   To Carol, Allie, and Teri. J. D. ââ€"   About the Authors puter Teacher of the Year award in 1988 and received the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement in mathematics in 1999. Chris is a frequent contributor to the AP Statistics Electronic Discussion Group and has reviewed materials for The Mathematics Teacher, the AP Central web site, The American Statistician, and the Journal of the American Statistical Association. He currently writes a column for Stats

Philosophy of Aldi Essay Example For Free At Magic Help - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2309 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Aldi have made great strides in entering the UK grocery market. Please analyse Aldis current marketing strategy and provide recommendations for how Aldi can enhance their marketing strategy to gain a greater share of the UK Grocery Market. Introduction Marketing in simple terms can be described as offering a right product at a right place at the right time and with a right price. The Management Gurus emphasise on the four Ps of marketing which are often called the marketing mix. These four Ps are Product, Place, Price and Promotion. Marketing mix is an important tool to make an efficient marketing plan for a successful product offering. These four Ps of marketing mix can help achieving the business targets of sales, profit and consumer satisfaction. The essay examines marketing strategies of a German supermarket chain named Aldi, in the UK. The paper is divided in to four sections. The first section gives a brief history about Aldi. The second section talks about its position in the UK market. The third section analyses the marketing strategy of Aldi on the basis of the four Ps. The last section gives recommendations on marketing strategies for the future growth of the company in UK market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Philosophy of Aldi Essay Example For Free At Magic Help" essay for you Create order A brief history of Aldi Aldi, one of the worlds largest privately owned companies, is a grocery supermarket chain with a base in Germany. The name Aldi has come from the abbreviation of Albrecht (family name) Discount. The business started in 1913 with a food store in the town called Essen in Germany. By 1960s this family business was expanded to 300 stores in Germany and that is when the business was separated into two groups Aldi Nord (North) with a headquarter in Essen and Aldi SÃÆ'Â ¼d (South) with a headquarter in MÃÆ'Â ¼lheim an der Ruhr (Emsell, 2011). The business was separated over a disagreement on whether to sell cigarettes in the stores or not (Ruddick, 2012). These two organisations now operate independent to each other. On international levels, Aldi Nord operates in Portugal, Denmark, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Spain, and Poland. Aldi SÃÆ'Â ¼d is functional in Ireland, United Kingdom, Hungary, Switzerland, Australia, Austria and Slovenia and United States of America with over 8000 stores in total (Aldi UK website, 2015). Aldi in the United Kingdom Taylor and Lee (2007) have stressed the adverse effects on the international buyer behaviour due to cultural disparities. KPMG (2014) states that the shopping culture in UK is associated with the quality and not necessarily with price. It further mentions that higher level of customer services is one of the main attributes of this culture. That is the reason why in spite of the dominance of the big four -Tesco, Sainsburys, ASDA and Morrisons MS and Waitrose have done huge investments in the grocery industry. However Aldi has not only managed to attract the customers in the UK by overcoming the hurdles but also has acquired a significant market share. Table 1- Market share of Supermarkets in the UK in March, 2015 Supermarket Market Share (In %) Tesco 28.4 ASDA 17.1 Sainsburys 16.4 Morrisons 10.9 The Co-operative 6.0 Aldi 5.3 Waitrose 5.1 Lidl 3.7 Iceland 2.1 Source: BBC, 2015 According to Wallop (2008), Aldi pledged to open one store every week in the UK with a target of opening 1500 stores in the country. Currently there are 500 Aldi stores in the UK (Aldi UK Website, 2015). Aldi has made its position in the top nine superstores of the country among Tesco, Sainsburys, Morrisons, ASDA, Waitrose, Lidl and Iceland. Aldi is now UKs sixth biggest grocery chain taking over Waitroses market share (BBC, 2015). The Marketing Strategies of Aldi Aldi is a discount supermarket chain and so cost control is in the culture of the business. The model of Aldis grocery retailing has remained unchanged since its initiation in Germany (Emsell, 2011). Price, Place and Product strategies The business philosophy of Aldi is to focus on indispensable investments and avoid the superfluous in order to give the customers maximum possible savings. According to Rudolph et al (2012, p-142), Aldis cost only add 13% to the procurement price, 2% each for logistics, rental, overheads and marketing plus about 5% for staff. Instead of extending its opening hours like other competitors in the UK, all Aldi stores function limited opening hours, which recently extended to 12 hours ( from 8am to 8pm). In contrast, many other competitor stores are available for shopping for 24 hours, 7 days and 365 days which seems an apparent strategic intention. One cannot see the add on services at any Aldi store, for example lottery terminals, childrens play area, photo booths, lavatory, dry cleaning services, currency exchanges, news agent, tobacco counters on entry and exit, a separate customer service counter or a coffee shop. The simple reason being that these facilities have its cost which w ould add up to the end cost to the customer (Emsell, 2011). In a typical Aldi store, one can also observe three to seven employees to run the entire functioning of the store which is a different strategy to other supermarkets which have a high staffing level to provide high standards of customer service. The firm can achieve a low payroll to sales turnover ratio with such staffing level which can help the lower the prices. According to The Times 100 Business case studies (2010), the key idea that makes Aldis approach work is the concept of limited assortment. The Aldi store size is relatively small in comparison to the rival grocers with an average floor space of between 650 square meters to 1000 square meters. The usual Aldi store has a common layout with only four shopping aisles also the packaging and displaying products strategy at Aldi is cost effective. However the stores generally have a free parking space which attracts customers significantly. The case study further ment ions that while selecting a location for store, Aldi takes in to consideration the population of the area which should be more then 30,000. Also the stores are always at the very good visibility from a main road and with good public transport connectivity. The sales philosophy of Aldi is very different to other leading grocers in the UK. As the branded products have less operating profit, Aldi has taken an approach to sell products which are equivalent to brands (Wood, 2011). A typical large Tesco or Sainsburys store stocks around 50,000 product lines, of which 50 per cent are their own brands (Voberda et al., 2011). The success key for any business is to attract the buyer which certainly depends largely on a competitive pricing. Being a discount retail chain, competitive pricing is at the core of Aldis philosophy. Aldi works on economies of scale. In simpler terms it means, buying products in large quantities so it gives leverage for bargaining for the best possible price which allows Aldi to sell at the most competitive prices. Currently every week Aldi comes with a different range of products on a Thursday for example bathroom accessories, garden furniture, kitchen and other household equipment. These products are different to the usual grocery items in the stores in terms of its availability. These products are limited in stock and not permanently available in the store. One can observe a great deal of excitement in the customers in the stores due to the scarcity and affordability of the products. To promote these product ranges, posters of the items are found in the stores for the upcoming week. Promotion Strategies According to the Times 100 Business Case studies (2010), one of the unique marketing strategies Aldi has adopted is the advertisements with brand comparisons. These adverts demonstrate that Aldi brands are of equal quality to well-established brands for example, Pampers diapers, Heinz tomato ketch up and Fairy Liquid. To prove this Aldi ran blind taste experiments amongst a section of shoppers. This experiment suggested that the majority of consumers that preferred the well-known brands also liked Aldi brands. These findings created the basis to Aldis most popular Like Brands campaign. The advertisements of the Like Brands provided the business with a stand to speak about its quality and most importantly its value for money. This campaign was effective in showing the customers how much more their money can fetch by shopping from Aldi with a slogan, Like brands. Only cheaper. The campaign provided a character to the Aldi products because the advertisements use humours which help to build confidence and an emotional connection with target audiences. In addition, according to Times 100 Business Case studies (2010), Aldi prints around 1 million copies of brochures per week to distribute in the store as well as to customers living in surrounding areas. These brochures promote products with limited availability and seasonal and weekly offers available in stores. Another campaign of Aldi is swap and save. The newspaper adverts of Aldi promote the Aldi brands by showcasing the saving customers can have by swapping from the leading grocers to Aldi. This promotion is in the similar lines of Tescos big price drop campaign or Sainsburys brand match campaign. In this era of social media, it has become easy at the same time unavoidable to communicate directly with the targeted audience. One such online campaign of Aldi is Aldi Advocates. This particular promotion is for consumers who recommend Aldi to others because of its low prices compared to other brands. For exampl e, the I Love Aldi campaign asked fans of the Aldi Facebook page, to send a virtual Aldi Valentines card to a Facebook friend, completing the sentence I love Aldi because This was encouraged by providing rewards of ÂÂ £10 vouchers and a box of Aldi chocolates for their Valentine (Aldi UK Facebook Page, 2015). Recommendations The UK grocery industry is one of the most established and competitive globally, however dynamics of such industry change rapidly (KPMG, 2014). In spite of Aldis great stride in entering the UK grocery market and taking over a significant market share, one cannot deny the fact that the dynamics of ever changing business world can hurdle this growth. One can also not deny the fact that the competitors are also working towards increasing their market share and exploiting the resources. Though Aldi has managed to reach in to the competition with Waitrose, Cooperative and Morrisons, the market share of Tesco, ASDA and Sainsburys is comparatively very high (Table -1). Also Lidl and Poundland have a similar market strategy of discounted products as Aldi. In such cut throat competition it is challenging to not only enhance the market share but also merely maintaining it. Morgan et al., (2004) in their study have emphasised on product quality as one of the most important determinants of ma rket share. Thirkell and Dau, (1998) revealed that quality and add on services have positive and high correlation with business performance. Thinking on the similar lines, one can recommend the quality enhancement to give a tougher competition to the leading supermarkets. However there is a risk associated with that approach as frequent changes in the business strategy can lead to loss of grip on the monitoring and controlling of the business. Businesses with a lack of clear strategy often face difficulties in customer targeting (Lancaster et al, 2002). However Aldi has a great scope in providing value added services. Facility of online shopping is one such value added service. Home delivery of the shopping items as well as click and collect services can be easily implemented in todays internet era as the other leading supermarkets are also offering such services. With plenty of options available, even with good quality and low prices, loyalty can be great issue of concern for a grocery firm. Various loyalty cards and point based reward system can be introduced to ensure the market share to be somewhat stable. UK being a culturally diverse country, a wide range of products such as Indian, Chinese, Caribbean grocery items should be added to attract more customers. The campaign of swap and save can be taken a step further by upgrading the software system. Currently it is showing the price difference on the newspapers and advertisements which should be reflected on the receipt after the shopping to inform the customers personally how much they have saved by shopping in Aldi. References Aldi UK Website (2015) https://www.aldi.co.uk/ Aldi UK Facebook page (2015). Available at https://www.facebook.com/AldiUK BBC (2015) Aldi overtakes Waitroses market share. BBC News dated 8th April, 2015. . [Online] Available at https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-32218170 Emsell, P. (2011) Aldi The No Frills Retailer. University of Huddersfield. [Online] Available at https://eprints.hud.ac.uk/12404/1/Microsoft_Word_Aldi_case_study_for_Bus_Strategy.pdf KPMG (2014) The Future of the Grocery Sector in the UK. [Online] Available at https://www.kpmg.com/uk/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/newsreleases/pages/the-future-of-the-grocery-sector-in-the-uk.aspx Lancaster, G., Massingham, L. and Ashford, R. (2002) Essentials of Marketing. Fourth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Morgan, N., Kaleka, A., and Katsikeas, C. (2004). Antecedents of export venture performance: a theoretical model and empirical assessment. Journal of Marketing 68(1): 90- 108. Ruddick, G. (2 012) Billionaire Aldi heir Berthold Albrecht dies at 58. The Telegraph, dated 7th December, 2012. [Online] Available at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9729434/Billionaire-Aldi-heir-Berthold-Albrecht-dies-at-58.html Rudolph, T., Schlegelmilch, B., Bauer, A., Franch, J. and Meise, J. (eds.) (2012) Diversity in European Marketing: Text and Cases. Germany: Springer Gabler. Voberda, H., Morgan, R., Reinmoeller, P., Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D., Hoskisson, R. (2011) Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalisation, South Western: Cengage Learning. Taylor, C.R. and Lee, D. (2007) Cross-cultural Buyer Behavior. Amsterdam: Elsevier. The Times 100 Business Case Studies (2010). Creating Value through the Market Mix. [Online] Available at https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/aldi/creating-value-through-the-marketing-mix/introduction.html#axzz3gTvS06RA Thirkell, P. C., and Dau, R. (1998). Export performance: Success Determinants for New Zealand Manufacturing Exporters. European Journal of Marketing, 32(9/10): 813- 829. Wallop, H. (2008) Aldi pledges to open a new store every week. The Telegraph , dated 30th June, 2008. [Online] Available at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/2792467/Aldi-pledges-to-open-a-new-store-every-week.html Wood, Z (2011) Aldi effect is back: spending squeeze lifts discounter into profit. The Guardian , [Online] Available at https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/04/aldi-effect-back-discounter-profit

Gay Marriage Pros and Cons - 1152 Words

Marriage Is Not Equal For All Gay Marriages Mikaela Acosta Gay marriage has been subject to taboo because our society has this conformed and learned version of marriage; marriage is only held between a man and a woman. Although this is more common today to hear of gay couples, in the first couple centuries in America this was almost unacceptable to general society. Beginning in 2001 was when gay marriage began to become much more widespread starting in Canada, Norway, Belgium, Argentina, Sweden, South Africa, and Iceland. The actual first introduction of gay marriage does vary from different jurisdictions. Gay marriage is such a topic of interest because of the various conflicts in which it brings up, such as religious, civil†¦show more content†¦ISSN: 08962383 Accession Number: 502651234 Database: OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson) 2. Same-sex marriage, same-sex cohabitation, and same-sex families around the world: why â€Å"same† is so different. Authors: Saez, Macarena Source: American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy the Law; 2011, Vol. 19 Issue 1, p1-54, 54p Physical Description: Bibliographic footnotes Document Type: Feature Article Subjects: Cohabitation; Gay couples; Gay marriage ISSN: 15573753 Accession Number: 502142706 DOMA and the happy family: a lesson in irony. Alternate Title: Part of the Symposium on DOMA and issues concerning federalism and interstate recognition of same-sex relationships Authors: Wasserman, Rhonda Source: California Western International Law Journal; Fall 2010, Vol. 41 Issue 1, p275-303, 29p Statute: Defense of Marriage Act of 1996; Pub. L. No. 104-199, 110 Stat. 2419 (1996); codified at 28 U.S.C.  § 1738C (2006) and 1 U.S.C.  § 7 (2006) Statute Jurisdiction: United States Physical Description: Bibliographic footnotes Document Type: Feature Article Subjects: Gay marriage -- Laws and regulations; Parent-child relationship; Gay couples; Gay parents; Custody of children; Legislative history ISSN: 08863210 Accession Number: 502129764 Database: OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W.Show MoreRelatedThe Pros and Cons of Gay Marriage1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Gay Marriage LP 3: Argumentative Essay Patty Waters NAU Composition II Sue Cochran, Instructor Sunday, March 24, 2013 Abstract This essay covers the pros and cons concerning gay marriage. You will discover some new laws and amendments that are about to happen in our country, and some things that people are against. There are many issues that will be covered from rights and benefits to getting married legally. 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Society also plays a big part in the gay marriage legalization process. Same-sex marriage is a major controversial issue in the United States; specific examples would be the views of Americans, pros and cons of same-sex marriage, andRead MoreDid We Go Too Far?1383 Words   |  6 PagesWalker Did We Go Too Far? Same-sex marriage continues to be a very high debated issue in our society without a firm foundation to base our beliefs on, leaving most of us trying to find answers still. Now that the Supreme Court of the united states has rules that the constitution guarantees a right to same sex marriage’ What was known as â€Å"marriage†, the union of a man and a woman only, is starting to diverge. The Oxford Dictionary of English definition of marriage reads â€Å"the formal union of a man andRead MoreGod Hates Same Sex Marriage Essay978 Words   |  4 Pages Marriage is a precious gift given from the good lord up above. Marriage is a privilege that should be allowed to only a man and a woman. In the bible there are many scriptures that back up my opinion on marriage, and none of the scriptures say same sex marriage is okay. In this modern day and age people are altering the definition of marriage. People are trying to add between a man and a man or between a woma n and a woman. The importance of my topic is to keep the original definitionRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal966 Words   |  4 PagesGay marriage is one of the most debated and controversial issues in today’s society. Everyone has his or her opinions on gay marriage, whether it is acceptable or should not be allowed. According to The Washington post, â€Å"59 percent say they support same-sex marriage while 34 percent are opposed†(Craighil, P., Clement). While 59% of the supporting gay is a high number, however that number is skewed. There is a difference between tolerance and acceptance, but the 59% is the total of the both. PeopleRead MoreWhy Marriage Equality Is Not At All A Harm Society Or The World912 Words   |  4 Pagesin the world become more knowledgeable to that child. In my own life, the one issue that stuck with me is marriage equality. I believe everyone should have the right to marry whoever they feel their soul-mate is in the world. Even though some believe it is wrong, there are many reasons to prove marriage equality is not at all a harm to society or the world. To start, the definition of marriage (according to dictionary.com) is the state, condition, or relationship of being married; wedlock. No whereRead MoreEssay on Gay Marriage 1616 Words   |  7 Pages Gay marriage is a very talked about topic in are country that shouldn’t be ignored. I believe men and women should be able to love freely and not be shamed by it. Marriage is a great factor in the United States. To some people it’s what we live for; is to get married and start a family. To not give everyone the same opportunity to have a happy marriage and family is unlike us. This problem is bringing a lot of hate, the same hate that was used in racial discrimination so why not give gays equalRead MoreThe Debate On Homosexuality And Homosexuality1229 Words   |  5 Pagesis defined as, the sexual or romantic attraction to members of the same gender. A male who practices homosexuality is known as being gay. The word ‘gay’ did not originally have any connect ion to a sexual connotation. In fact, the word was originally express feelings of happiness or carefree attitude. It was not until the twentieth century that people used the term gay to indicate a sexual orientation. Opposite of males, female homosexuals are given the term lesbian, which is derived from the poemsRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1434 Words   |  6 PagesGay marriage has slowly become a significant factor amongst individuals of today’s society. On June 26, 2015, it was ruled out by the U.S. Supreme Court that gay marriage was now legal. The first thing that I thought was that â€Å"Wasn’t it already legal in the United States?† Well, apparently no it has not been legalized in the United States! (Dumb me.) The U.S. is known to be a nation of equality and gives everyone the freedom of the speech, but it is actually a nation full of racism, sexism, and homophobias

A Journey free essay sample

At nine months I learned to walk. At the age of five I learned how to ride a bike without training wheels. In kindergarten I learned that I’m allergic to peanut butter. In second grade, on September 11th, 2001, I learned that there is a lot of evil in the world. In fourth grade I learned how to do long division after having several mental breakdowns. In fifth grade, I learned that I sing like a dying animal while trying out for the school play, â€Å"The Little Mermaid.† In sixth grade I learned that change can be a good thing as I entered middle school and made new friends. In seventh grade I learned that I love the city of Boston after a school trip there. In ninth grade I learned that I hate geometry. In tenth grade I learned how to light a Bunsen burner. In eleventh grade I learned about rhetorical strategies in AP English. We will write a custom essay sample on A Journey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I’ve been alive for 17 and a half years and I’ve learned a lot. But I’m still learning. I’m learning new formulas, new words, new theories, new lessons and I’m learning about myself. I’m only 17 years old, and I still have a lot of things that I need to learn about myself. I don’t know how I feel about abortions. I don’t know if I’m a Republican or a Democrat. I don’t know if I’ll ever get married. I don’t know how I feel about the death penalty. I don’t know if I want to be a forensic scientist or a writer. When looking at the big picture, I don’t know much, but I do know that I love learning. I love knowing that I don’t know everything. I love knowing that there are tons of books that I haven’t read. I love knowing that there are hundreds of countries that I’ve never been to. I love knowing that there is a whole world out there that I have yet to learn about. I want to learn about it all. I hope to travel the world one day. I think that traveling is the best way to learn. Learn about other people, learn about other cultures, learn about life, learn about yourself. I’ve always wanted to travel to go someplace new and explore. Someplace where no one knows me. In sixth grade I made a pact with a group of my friends we would travel to Australia after we graduated high school, and we would raise dingos and koalas. We all signed a piece of paper while sitting in art class. We were determined to make it happen. Looking back, that was obviously an unrealistic plan. We’re not all friends anymore. No parents would let a group of teenagers travel to Australia by themselves. We didn’t know the first thing about dingos or koalas. And we totally disregarded the fact that we would be preparing for college after high school. Although our initial plan did not work out, my desire to go to Australia still lives on. In my life time I hope to go to Australia and swim in the Great Barrier Reef and learn about the animals that live there. I hope to go to Austria and ski the Alps. I hope to go to Spain and attend a soccer game. I hope to go to China and visit the Great Wall. I hope to go to Greece and see the Parthenon. I hope to travel to Ireland and go to the county where my Grandpa grew up. I hope to go to Kenya and go on a safari. I hope to go to India and visit the Taj Mahal. I think that traveling will allow me to learn. Learn all of the lessons that I have yet to uncover. Learn who I truly am. Learn what the world has to offer. Learn the secret to a happy life. Traveling will allow me to learn, and learning is the greatest gift that the world has to offer.

Voting System free essay sample

Introduction Through the use of technology, the economy of the country is moving forward. Nowadays, most people are using computers to make their work easier and faster. Most jobs in the country involve use of computers because of their importance in the society. It is used to store, protect, process, transmit, manage and retrieve information. This implies that computers can also be like humans that have intelligence and can work. However, its intelligence is only artificial because it is just a machine so it’s still relies on humans to perform any task required. Background of the Study Isabela National High School for having students that has grown up to about a thousand students now, delivered a quality and excellent education to the people residing in the municipality of Ilagan and also to the neighboring town. For many years since this school founded, this institution had already conducted many major student council election of officers for the INHS Supreme Student Council. We will write a custom essay sample on Voting System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was so evident unfortunately that the turnover of these said elections had turned to be slow and tiresome. It was slow because of the following scenarios: 1. As of now, the voting used to be carried out as follows – the ballot papers would be issued to all the students, the students would fill in their chosen nominees, the voting would be held where the students dropped their ballot into a ballot box. Then, the ballot box would be opened, and the ballots would be counted by hand. There was a lot of margin for error. 2. The Election is done manually, so the canvassing is consuming a big amount of time, in fact in most of the elections the canvassing of votes took a long hours and more time consume. 3. Miscount of votes that may cause for under vote or otherwise over vote. 4. Mistally and misstated vote for a candidate. It was hard and tiresome on the part of the election facilitators because it needs a lot of energy and time to overcome the complexity of the preparations and the holding of the election down to the canvassing of votes. So with these problems the call for a change is considered. As a student in this course, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology there is a call and a need for reformation and revitalization of the existing traditional and manual voting system. The implementation of the computerized voting system is the answer for this chaos. Company Profile INHS Mission and Vision Vision: The Isabela National High School produces graduates who are intellectually and technologically literate, equipped with the desirable value, attitudes and skills toward work that will lead in the development of human and material resources. With highly competent and dedicated teachers and employees within a Healthy Organization and Peaceful Environment (HOPE) who are committed in contributing to the country’s development efforts, the school will turn out to be the Regional Center of Excellence not only in English Mathematics and Science and Technology but also in all subject areas it being the Divisional Leader School. Mission: The school shall develop highly competitive graduates to respond to the present needs of society through effective efficient teachers and employees with the support of the community organizations concerned with education towards the improvement of life of every Filipino. History The establishment of the Isabela National High School came as a result of the pressing need to fulfill the growing ambition of many youths in Isabela to attain higher education. When Spain ceded the Philippines to America in the Treaty of Paris for a measly twenty million pesos in 1898, the Americans immediately occupied the country bent on the alleged aim to train the Filipinos for self-government. American military governance along with the Philippine Commission established a system of Public Education that grew slowly but surely throughout the archipelago. In the Cagayan Valley, primary schools were put up as early as 1901. Cagayan and Isabela comprised one school division with Mr. W. W. Rodwell as School Superintendent and based in Tuguegarao, Cagayan, He was assisted by two deputies name Mr. A. L. Burnell, an American teacher assigned in Lallo, Cagayan and Mr. H. B. Fernald, another American teacher assigned in Cauayan, Isabela. Aside from their teaching duties, the deputies helped in the organization and supervision of schools within their areas. Eight American teachers of 35 were assigned in Isabela. In 1903, Mr H. E. Bad succeeded Mr. Rodwell as Division Superintendent. At that time only 12% of the combined school-going age population of Cagayan and Isabela were enrolled in various schools. Of 42,495 only 5,256 were enrolled in the primary schools with a total school attendance of 3,883. In September 1902, the provincial high school in Tuguegarao, Cagayan opened. About 65 students were enrolled and was conducted by Mr. H. E. Bell, the principal and an assistant. The school closed temporarily on March 1st of the same year due to the ignorance of the people on the nature of the school and the unpreparedness of school children to take advantage of high school education. It reopened in July 6, 1903 and enrollment steadily increased from 78 to 245 in just a month’s time. Many students from nearby towns and provinces attended high school in Tuguegarao. About 40, more or less, came from Isabela during that year. This trend had induced school authorities that in another year, or as soon as practicable two junior high schools had to be built in Ilagan, Isabela and in Aparri, Cagayan. As expected a provincial high school was finally established in Ilagan, capital town of Isabela in June, 1904, but formally opened in August, 1904 with Mr. Seward W. Hulse as School Principal. Four other American teachers were assigned in the school to handle an enrollment of 186. There were no Filipino teachers were assigned to the school due to unavailability of qualified ones. Part of the municipal school building being used for primary classes, were temporarily used by the high school for instructional purposes. Not long after, the provincial board secured an admirable site facing the Cagayan River and adjoining the town of Ilagan, which is now its present location. Today, we see the tremendous strides the high school had made in the realm of secondary education. Its vision is to help mold a strong, veritable and effective citizenry for national peace and prosperity. Its mission is to prepare the youth to meet the demands of higher education as well as skillful enough to get into the world of work. Part of its curricular offering of general secondary education, is a science-oriented curriculum for the highly gifted youths who would like to pursue courses demanding highly scientific preparation. Its school population has greatly increased from its measly 186 in 1904 to an average of 5,500 yearly to date, in its main campus in Ilagan. As a mother school to a number of high schools all over the province, its school population reached an average of 10,000, more or less. Since the school’s founding in Jun, 1904, many of those who passed through its portals bcame illustrious leaders and ountstanding citizens, occupying highly influential positions until the national level. Many have also found themselves well established in foreign soils and performing creditably well as expected of every alumnus. Graduates of the schools numbering about a hundred thousand since its first graduation in 1921 had certainly made clear footprints in the sands of time and productively contributing to socio-economic development of the country. Organizational Structure Purpose and Description Our goal is to develop a secure, fast, accurate, user-friendly, and a stand-alone system for a large scale election. Objectives of the Study General Objective: To develop a Computerized Voting System of Isabela National High School Specific Objectives: This study seeks to develop a system that will address the following: 1. ) To implement a fast, easy and systematic way of conducting a voters registration and candidate applications. 2. ) To properly manage the election in a well-organized manner. 3. ) To generate quickly a correct, accurate and reliable canvassing result. 4. ) To generate instantly needed summarized and accomplishment reports. Scope and Limitation Scope It is focused on studying the existing system of voting in Isabela National High School and to make sure that the students’ votes are counted for fairness in the elective positions and less time in counting of results. Since it is a stand-alone application, one or more user may use it at a time and the system is available only at the Election time. This is also will produce: Less effort and less labour. Changes and Increase in number of voters as individuals will find it easier and more convenient to vote. Limitation Time factor and well known institute was the greatest barrier to the successful completion of this system since it had to be done within the semester. We also had financial constraints since all the activities were self-sponsored. Definition of terms CVS Computerized Voting System Review of Related Literature

Tips for Building Better Work Relationships

Tips for Building Better Work Relationships Better work relations can make going to work a pleasurable experience no matter where you are in your current career path. Even if you already love the job that you do, improving the relationships with others around you will increase both your personal and professional level of fulfillment. These six tips will help you in building better work relationships. 1. Positive Body LanguageSmile, stand up straight, and look people in the eye. Show interest and be engaged when you are communicating with others instead of simultaneously checking your email when they are talking to you. According to psychologist Albert Mehrabian, 93% of our communication is non-verbal, so make sure that you display a friendly demeanor and have approachable body language.2. SocializeSocializing doesn’t have to mean going to happy hour every Friday with your coworkers, but you do need to participate in company events. Take your boss up on that lunch invitation, even if it means you will be working a little bit later that day. Being an active participant shows interest and investment in your company.3. Be Helpful to EveryonePleasing your boss and clients are important, but extending yourself beyond your department is also an important part of building work relationships outside your current network. If you have a slow day, reach out to someone in another department that you don’t come in day to day contact with to see if they could use your help.4. Avoid GossipAvoiding bad habits is just as important as having good ones. Do not partake in activities that revolve around negative comments and behaviors towards others. Spreading rumors is unkind and will also give you a reputation as untrustworthy, making it difficult to build relationships.5. Be HonestHonesty is the foundation of any good relationship including ones with your coworkers, supervisors, and clients. Inevitably you will be asked to perform a task you don’t know how to do. Just make sure you tell your client or supervisor that you will research it and get back to them, but don’t give them information that is not correct. If you cannot make a deadline, then always be upfront instead of making promises you know will be almost impossible for you to follow through on. You will gain a lot of respect from others if you are an honest person they can depend on.6. Be GraciousCarry out all of your tasks graciously. Asking someone for help on something can be a difficult thing for many people. When someone reaches out to you, and you agree to assist them, do so graciously. If you have a negative attitude towards helping someone, they will pick up on it. It will not only make them sorry that they reached out to you, but it will also steer others away from you.Final ThoughtsBuilding better work relationships is a balance between verbal and non-verbal communication that requires you to invest your time in yourself and others. According to Anthony Robbins, â€Å"The way we communicate with others and with ourselves ultimately determines the quality of our lives.† The investment you make will give you and others around you tons of personal fulfillment, besides creating a reputation for yourself that makes your coworkers, clients, and supervisors come to you for anything they need.

Volunteer Internships and Internships for B-Schools Article

Volunteer Internships and Internships for B-Schools - Article Example This article, â€Å"Volunteer Internships Benefit Local Governments and Students† by Robin Popik is about how local governments can attract interns both as a way of recruiting potential candidates to the positions in the local government as well as a means of giving the students the experience of working for a government. The article starts off by describing who an intern is and what are the roles and responsibilities that a typical intern should have when given an internship in a local government office. The article focuses on why it is a great idea for local governments to advertise for positions of internships to prospective students and then introduce them to the concept of a government job. The point here is that many students think of government jobs as not attractive enough when compared to those in the private sector. This perception is mainly because the government is seen as bureaucratic in nature and not serving the purpose of a fast-paced job that brings challenges and offers attractive remuneration for the students. As the article states, â€Å"Government organizations that need temporary staff for special projects are a great place to use internships. Challenge the intern to bring out the value of the project† (Popik, 2009). Hence, the author’s point is that the concept of government service must be made attractive to the students and they should be made aware of the potential benefits that a government job can bring in its wake. The article then goes on to describe the methods in which internships in the government sector and local government offices, in particular, can be structured by the local government officials. To quote from the article, â€Å"Local governments can champion this concept by using interns to teach about the governmental process and politics in a way most textbooks miss.  

Choose a topic for the Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choose a topic for the Paper - Essay Example The causes for the great depression are many and complex but the basic reasons for the great depression can be listed as a stock market which crashed, economic trends which were negative and a lack of investments in large projects. Industries such as heavy machinery production, shipbuilding and mining operations were worst hit and they had to let go of thousands of workers who could not find jobs to replace the ones they had lost (Wheeler, 2007). Amongst the after effects of the Great Depression was the New Deal which was offered by Roosevelt to the Americans which gave fair wages for fair work. A forty hour work week was created to make sure that positions could be given to all those who wanted to work and massive deficit spending was undertaken by the government to give the economy a boost. In fact, the current transport network which crisscrosses across America is one of the projects which was started to get America out of its economically stagnant state (Higgs, 1992). The Great Depression, even though it was a sad period for those who went through it brought many advantages for those who came after the period since the decisions made then have kept the American economy stable for decades. For example, the idea of a minimum wage comes from the aftermath of the great depression and the benefits to the southern half of the American states were immense since the economic focus shifted from agriculture to industrialization and services (Parker, 2007). I feel that Americans lost trust in financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies in the years which followed the great depression and came to depend more on the relationship they had with the government. Franklin Roosevelt probably benefited most from the era since he was able to pull America out of the situation and was (and still is) seen as a hero for the nation. His New Deal worked for a lot

Definition of Groupthink. Retrieved from Essay Example for Free

Definition of Groupthink. Retrieved from Essay I have always had a different idea of what groupthink really means, to me I thought of it as a bad idea from someone amongst a group of people that had not been voiced seemingly because the person having this thought lacks confidence or backing. More like trying to proof to your business partners that an idea of using an outdated tactic to target a young crowd is not the best idea In its own definition Wikipedia(2013) describes groupthink as a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an incorrect or deviant decision- making outcome, whereas it can also be viewed as the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility. All different versions of what it is but also giving a detailed well round idea and description. Good examples of groupthink situations as studied by Janis in the book â€Å"fiascoes† are such as the United States government failure to anticipate the Pearl Harbor attacks, the Bay of Pigs invasion, the escalation of Vietnam War, and the ill-fated hostage rescue in Iran (Janis,1972) Some recent past examples of groupthink would be in the hastened decision making of the Bush administration and Congress to pursue an invasion of Iraq based on a policy of â€Å"preemptive use of military force against terrorists and rogue nations.† It is definitely an undeniable fact that groupthink has been a large part of decision making in the United States government for a long time. As we speak, arguably the best current example of groupthink that the American government is facing is the Obama Care. This is so because some might see it as a majority of democrat leaders refusing to see or identify with different ideas that are outside theirs, thus leading to what psychologist consider as a mental deficiency commonly known as groupthink. â€Å"Groups affected by groupthink ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups† (Janis, 1972). I found it rather interesting reading the article by the net advisor to bring out reasons as to why the Obama care was created under the influence of groupthink. The net advisor article reads â€Å"the patient protection and affordable care act or â€Å"Obama Care† was passed by majority of the then Democratic House. The house leadership under Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) refused to allow the US senate of any party to even consider debating, let alone voting on Obama care. The house by passed the entire U.S. senate by using a controversial self-executing rule or â€Å"deem and pass† procedure then quickly sent it to president Obama to sign†(Net advisor). This brings out the question, what if the Democratic Party had not made such an irrational decision to pass the Obama Care, would it have made any difference in the case of the government shutdown. Since the main reason that led to most of the republican members to oppose raising the debt ceiling that would have prevented the government from shutting down was primarily a disagreement in the Obama care. This is arguable in both sides since the republican party might also have made a groupthink decision to prevent the Obama care under any circumstances, leading to a government shutdown that has dented the government debt even more, ironically an issue that they (republican party) are trying to avoid with the Obama care. The united states is established in two well defined parties and many are the times that the conflicting views from each party, makes it harder to make any decisions or view the others opinion. Hopefully in the future the decisions from our leaders can be viewed in a more universal dimension, thus the administrators of our president can challenge each other to eliminate groupthink. References Janis, I (1972, Victims of groupthink (1st edition ed) retrieved from http:// leadership theory 3450.blogspot.com Obama care is an example of Groupthink gone wrong. Retrieved from http://netadvisor.org/2013/09/26. Definition of Groupthink. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink

Death Essay -- Psychology, Anxiety

Death is an inescapable event in human life. Human beings, to a certain extent, are afraid of the unpredictable and inevitable death issues and deadly threats. Reason behind the anxiety is due to the difficulty to find a definitive answer of a question on life and death (Becker, 1973). We aware their ultimate fate of nonexistence and deaths often occurs uncontrollably. In order to explain the death anxiety, terror management theory (TMT) was developed to help to answer the human’s psychological reaction on the existential terror of mortality issue (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1986; Pyszczynski, Greenberg & Solomon, 1999). According to TMT, self-esteem is a defensive motivation in tackling the everyday life threats. It is a subjective concept that individual is being a valuable part in the world. Human animals obtain self-esteem mainly from their individual belief on cultural worldview – symbolic perception on the society shared by groups of people (Greenberg & Solomon, 1999). Individuals believed that their own set of cultural worldview is the only true value in the society. They feel that they are the valuable units engaging in the culture worldview and hence the perceptual construction maintains self-esteem of one self as well as providing defensive function to the death anxiety. Since self-esteem is derived from a strong perception on conceptual belief, it is able to serve as a psychological buffer that protects people against the awareness and negative feelings towards death (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1995). It is strong enough to shield people’s anxiety from death reminder s (i.e. mortality salience). When there is mortality salience, people enhance their self-esteem as a defensive reaction against the death... ...l to restore the emotion stability (Taubman et al., 2002). Secure attachment behaviour of relationship partners served as distress-regulation function to deal with anxieties encounter in the environment. It is asserted that the role of self-esteem in TMT and the role of secure attachment on proximity maintenance share the function of minimizing anxiety. The mechanism of distress regulation on securely attached behavior is able to generalize the fear of death (Mikulincer, Florian, & Tolmacz, 1990). Similar to the notion suggested by TMT, individuals required higher self-esteem to defend against death anxiety. Also, people with higher self-esteem elicit less death anxiety than the one with lower self-esteem since the positive self-evaluation provides an emotional buffer to minimize the anxiety. Secure attachment behaviour is also the buffer to negative emotions.

How to Find an Earth Fault on Board Ships? Essay

Earth fault is considered very critical on board a ship. Some ships which operate at 440 V do not have any trip devices attached for a single earth fault. However when the operating voltage exceeds 3000V, it is mandatory to have a protection system which isolates when a machinery suffers an earth fault. How to find out an Earth Fault? The seriousness of the action to be taken on an Earth Fault depends on the part of the electrical system it affects. Conventional ships which operate on 3 Phase, 440V, have earth fault indicators installed on all three phases. Any earth fault on a 440V system is considered to be a serious trouble and immediate action is required to identify the faulty circuit. Any earth fault on 220V or any low voltage lighting circuit can be considered as important but need not require immediate attention. However, attention should be paid at the next earliest opportunity. Finding Earth Fault on 440V circuit Whenever there is an earth fault alarm, immediately inform to electrical officer (if he is on board). First action is to check the trueness of the alarm. Usually there will be a test button which when pressed, resets the alarm and rechecks the condition of the earth fault. If the ship is having IAS (Integrated Automation System), check on the computer in the list of events after which the alarm has activated. If IAS facility is not available, there is only one option of isolating each and every machinery in the 440 V circuit and check whether the earth fault indication returns back to normal. Isolation of all machinery, which operates on 440V, is not always possible. Certain critical equipment like steering gear and lubricating oil pumps cannot be isolated for when the ship is underway. However changeover can be done from running machinery to the standby one and thus the earth fault can be found. Finding Earth Fault on 220V Circuit Finding an Earth Fault on a 220V circuit is comparatively difficult than a 440V circuit. The main reason being the lighting circuits found all round the vessel. However, any earth fault alarm with respect to a 220V circuit is usually treated as important but not an emergency. When a 220V earth fault alarm sounds, as said earlier, the trueness of the alarm is checked by pressing the test button and then investigation can be started on each and every 220V circuit. Example: Earth Fault alarm sounds on a 220V panel 1. Check the trueness of the alarm. 2. Isolate the complete Group start panel for a lighting division one by one. 3. Check the Earth Fault indicator for status (still faulty or normal). 4. If faulty, then put on the breaker which is put off earlier and isolate other group start panel for lighting circuit. 5. Once the group start panel is identified, then individual lighting switches are turned off one by one and checked for the alarm condition. 6. When any switch when turned off and thus the condition becomes normal, then this lighting circuit is marked and then inspection is done on the particular light for abnormalities. Ingress of moisture is most common reason for an earth fault. Alternate Idea: Instead of turning off breakers one by one for the lighting circuit, I followed a method where I turned off all lighting circuit of a particular doubted area. This method helps usually when there are two or more earth faults in 220V lighting circuit. By turning off all the breakers of a particular area, then switching on the breaker one by one will eliminate multiple earth faults. When I turned off lighting switches one by one, it was difficult for me to identify multiple earth faults. Once the particular faulty circuit is spotted, then we have to further break them into individual dividable pieces and check them for earth faults. For this as usual, we use megger against earth. By removing fuse of the two phase lines, each line can be tested and the fault pinned down

Introduction to Studying French Verbs

Most French students are impressed with French verbs. So let’s talk about them, and the terms used to explain how we should  conjugate French verbs. What is the  Verb? A verb indicates an action. It can be physical (to walk, to run, to go), mental (to think, to laugh)  or a condition or a state (to be, to have). A verb is conjugated to agree with (to match) its subject: He does, she has, they were, as opposed to the incorrect he do, she have, they be. What is Person in Grammar? In grammar, person refers to the different pronouns used to conjugate a verb: I, you, he, she, it, we, they. Read more on French  subject pronouns to understand  this concept better. What is Agreement? In French, some words are said to â€Å"agree† with each other. Its the same in English; you add an â€Å"s† to the end of the verb for he / she/ it, as in: She singS. In French, it gets a little more complicated. In French, you have to change some words or parts of words (like the endings of verbs) to match other words related them.  Ã‚   What or Who is the  Subject?   The subject is the person or thing that does the action of the verb.   There is an easy way to find the subject of a sentence. First, find the verb. Then ask: â€Å"who verb† or â€Å"what verb.† The answer to that question will be your subject. A subject is a noun (Camille, flower, room) or a pronoun (I, you, they). A noun can be a person, thing, place or idea. Examples:  I paint.Who paints?Answer: I paint. â€Å"I† is the subject. Camille is teaching French.Who is teaching?Answer:  Camille is teaching.â€Å"Camille† is the subject.   What is happening to Camille?What’s happening?Answer:  What is happening.â€Å"What† is the subject (This one was trickier, wasn’t it?)   What is a Conjugation? Conjugation is the way a subject changes a verb so they agree (match). In English, the conjugation of verbs is quite simple. The verbs don’t change much: I, you, we, they speak; he, she, it  speakS. An exception: the verb to be (I am, you are, he is). It is not this way in French, where the verb form changes with almost every different person. Some verbs are called â€Å"regular† because they follow a predictable conjugation pattern, such as adding an â€Å"s† to the 3rd person singular, as in English). Some are called â€Å"irregular† because their conjugation pattern is not predictable, like the verb â€Å"to be† in English. The way French verbs are written and their pronunciation  are also very different, this is why I highly recommend you train with audio drills when learning French verbs. What is the Infinitive? The infinitive is the form of the verb before it is conjugated. It’s the verb name, for example, â€Å"to speak.† In English, the infinitive is usually preceded by â€Å"to† as in â€Å"to study,† but its not always this way, for example: â€Å"can.†) In French, there is no â€Å"to† before the verb. The infinitive form is one word, and the last two or three letters of the infinitive will identify the type of conjugation pattern it follows, if the verb is regular. These letters are  usually -er, -ir or -re.   What is a Tense? A tense indicates when the action of the verb is taking place: now, in the past, in the future. A simple tense consists of only one verb form (â€Å"I speak†).A compound tense consists of one or more verbs, including an auxiliary verb a main verb (â€Å"I am speaking,† â€Å"I have been thinking†). What is Mood? The mood indicates how the verb relates to the subject: Is the action a statement of fact (indicative mood) or something else like a command (imperative mood) or a wish (subjunctive mood). This will affect the conjugation of the verb. and, likewise, the conjugation will communicate the mood.    Whats the Best Way to Learn French Verb Conjugations? Learning French verbs is a long process, and you shouldnt learn everything at once. Start by learning useful conjugations in the present indicative of the most common irregular and regular French verbs. Make sure you get the pronunciation right. French is full of liaisons, elisions and glidings, and it is not pronounced as it is written.   If you are serious about learning French, start with a good French audio method. Read about how to select the right tools to self-study  French. Your next step: Learning about French Subject Pronouns.

The Origin, Etiology and Treatment of Syphilis Essay...

The Origin, Etiology and Treatment of Syphilis â€Å"And this disease of which I speak, this syphilis too will pass away and die out, but later it will be born again and be seen again by our grandchildren just as in bygone ages we must believe it was observed by our ancestors.† – Fracastoro, 1538 1 It has been written about, debated over, and has affected every culture it has come into contact with. One can only be amazed when examining the microscopic syphilis bacterium. It traveled the seas of 1492 with Columbus, fought alongside Hitler in the war of the worlds, and gambled with the likes of Al Capone. 2 This bacterium has been a part of hundreds of year’s worth of human history, and probably thousands of year’s worth of prehistory.†¦show more content†¦There are a total of 1,041 predicted open reading frames, with an average size of 1,023 base pairs, representing 92.9% of total genomic DNA. 5 Comparison of the T. pallidum genome sequence with that of another pathogenic spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, identified unique and common genes and substantiates through considerable diversity observed among pathogenic spirochetes. Furthermore, the gene sequence has indicated that a Gap1 sequence from T. pallidum is very closely relat ed to GAPDH genes from the eukaryotic Euglenozoa, indicating that an interkingdom gene transfer may have occurred between these organisms. 6 The sequencing of the Treponema pallidum genome can also set itself apart from many non-pathogenic relatives. The first major difference is that syphilis has been hindered by the inability to culture the bacterium outside the human host. The reason for this is because scientists do not know the nutrition needed for the spirochete. 5 The second major difference revealed through gene sequencing is that the bacterium’s metabolism is very limited. Absent from the spirochete are many biosynthetic pathways. Examples include pathways for synthesis of enzyme cofactors, fatty acids, nucleotides, and some electron transport proteins. Because of the limited biosynthetic capabilities, Treponema pallidum depends on the host for multiple nutrients. Thus, the spirochete has a repertoire of transport proteins withShow MoreRelatedAncient India and Medical Science3418 Words   |  14 Pagesand understanding can never treat diseases. He put more emphasis on prevention rather than cure. He made these remarks in his famous treatise Charaka Samahita which are held in great reverence even today. The other notable fields were physiology, etiology and embryology. He also wrote extensively on digestion, metabolism and immune system. He wrote that body functions as it contains three dosha- bile, phlegm and wind. These are produced when dhatus - blood, flesh and marrow act on food consumed. The

Analysis Of Tom Stoppards The Hard Problem - 1694 Words

Tom Stoppard is a brilliant British playwright, whose intentions of writing are usually to touch, or provoke the intellectual and spiritual part of our beings. One of his profound plays The Hard Problem reveals the nature of consciousness and the importance of the awareness of human beings. That topic is quite deep and intense to be openly discussed, thus the author chooses to present the story of Hilary, a young psychology researcher, and cover up the initial tragic genre with easily accessible ones. The Hard Problem reveals a combination of a romantic comedy and sci-fi as sub genres and tragedy as a core genre. Tragedy genre originates from Ancient Greece and was staged as part of a huge festival called the City of Dionysian. Tragedy then was designed to have a sort of purging effect upon the community. In terms of genre, tragedy usually requires a tragic hero, who is often tempted to perform a deed, after which the hero’s fortune suffers a decline. The major elements of t ragedy are strongly discussed by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in his well-known book Poetics. According to Aristotle, tragedy starts with order and finishes with disorder. In addition, the plot is the most important piece in tragedy and it is focused on human suffering. Aristotle discusses in details, the notion of catharsis, which is the purpose of evoking pity and fear in the audience and seeking piece by the end of the play. In other words it is very similar to the concept of

Martin Luther King, Jr. was born at noon Tuesday, Essay Example For Students

Martin Luther King, Jr. was born at noon Tuesday, Essay January 15, 1929, at his home in Atlanta, Georgia. He was first named Michael Luther King Jr., and later changed his name to Martin, after his father. He was the first son and second child born to the reverend Martin Luther King, Sr., and Alberta Williams King, a schoolteacher. Growing up as an African American in Georgia, Martin experienced and suffered discrimination throughout his boyhood. This discrimination against black people was cruel and demoralizing. Martin Luther King Jr. told once of an experience he had riding a bus with his schoolteacher from Macon to Atlanta, the driver started cursing us out and calling us black sons of bitches. I decided not to move at all, but my teacher pointed out that we must obey the law. So we got up and stood in the aisle the whole 90 miles to Atlanta. It was a night Ill never forget. I dont think I have ever been so deeply angry in my life.There were many discriminatory laws in the South. They had certain restaurants that they were allowed to eat in, separate water-fountains, separate bathrooms. Just about everything you can think of was segregated. One of his first experiences was with the curtains that were used on the dining cars of trains to separate the whites from the blacks. This incident struck King pretty h ard, he said, I felt just it as if a curtain had come down across my whole life. The insult of it I will never forget.King was an extremely bright student and skipped right through his high school years and entered Atlantas Negro Morehouse College at age 15. His father encouraged him to study ministry, while he had his heart set on medicine or law. King was embarrassed of his own religion. He didnt understand what all the shouting and stamping was all about. But after reading and rereading Thoreaus essay, Civil Disobedience, he came to the conclusion that the only way he could bring about his ideas on social protest was through ministry. At Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, King studied the writings and teachings of many philosophers, such as Hegel and Kant, but the person that impressed him the most was Mohandas Gandhi, and his beliefs in a nonviolent protest. On June 18, 1953, King marries Coretta Scott,.a young girl from Marion, Alabama. The marriage ceremony took place on the lawn of the Scotts home in Marion. The reverend King, Sr., performed the service, with only a few attending. The Kings will go on to have four children, Yolanda Denise King, Martin Luther King III, Dexter Scott King, and Bernice Albertine King.

Is it possible to identify who is to blame for the debt crisis Essay Example

Is it possible to identify who is to blame for the debt crisis Essay The debt crisis, a term used for discussing the situation of third world debt, is an extremely complex issue, with multiple factors affecting the constantly fluctuating and increasing problem that many of the least developed countries (LDCs) are still facing today. One of the key aspects of the debt crisis is not necessarily the loans themselves all countries have some deficit, but rather the sustainability of the debt; that is whether or not a country can afford to repay the loans it has taken out (if a debt is over 40% of a countries GDP it qualifies as nsustainable). Questions that comes to mind when looking at the debt crisis today, and indeed the crisis that has been developing since the 1960s, is how can creditors be happy to lend money to developing countries whose situation indicates a high improbability of being able to repay the loans without immense damage to their economy for which the loans are meant to be beneficial? Are these decisions calculated? And why are the loans harming not helping? It is the nature of a capitalist, consumerist economy for loans to be encouraged whether on a huge scale uch as those faced by LDCs in the debt crisis, or small scale loans such as credit cards and mortgages. (I feel that it should be noted that loans between countries is not a new concept and has a history of over 175 years (Sachs, 1989:4) around the same time as capitalism took stronghold across the world). We will write a custom essay sample on Is it possible to identify who is to blame for the debt crisis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is it possible to identify who is to blame for the debt crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is it possible to identify who is to blame for the debt crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although theoretically these debts are supposed to be an investment which will be beneficial in the long term, it has become the case in many countries that loans can in fact prohibit the scale of progress that can be made due to the many restrictions of repaying the ebts (which are often crippling amounts), meaning LDCs find it very hard to catch up to more developed countries no matter the amount they loan. Within the modern culture of international super powers and a macroeconomic climate that feeds off the economic situation of all the countries involved in trade, it is difficult to assign blame to a single element or financial body, as is often the case when trying to pinpoint responsibility for crisis. Indeed as many of the readings emphasise (Sachs, Whaites, Jain) it is the creditors blame the debtors for having bad economic olicies, whilst the debtors blame the creditors on the unfair advantage the bankers hold. However, this is a very oversimplified view of assigning blame, and in this essay will explore the variety of explanations of how such a debt crisis emerged and who, if anyone, can be thought of as responsible. To understand more fully the origins of the debt crisis it is essential that we understand the economic situation at the time of the first loans, in other words why did certain countries need to borrow huge amounts of money which would come to cripple their hopes for successful development. Many of the first loans to LDCs were made in the 1960s following the economic robbery (Whaites, 1991) that was colonialism. Following their independence after years of exploitative and self-interested policies implemented by colonial powers (which included the countries that would become the creditors), many of todays LDCs were granted freedom without the consideration of how they would proceed to successfully develop after so many of their resources had been taken without re investment from colonial power; the tools needed for significant development had been taken and used before these countries had reedom and the opportunity to set up an infrastructure capable of achieving economic and social progress, for example countries such as Zambia were unable to tackle problems such as health and education amongst others, many of which are still prominent problems today (see list of MDGs on UN website). However, in the wake of finally being given freedom many countries facing these troubles decided borrowed huge amounts to fund highly ambitious goals, and also to get over the holes within the economy (World Ban k website) such as the need to import goods such as petroleum and iron due to lack of industrialisation. This, in turn led to a high dependency on basic commodity exports (Whaites 1991), which would have been ok so long as the economy continued to be prosperous and there remained buyers for the exports. These factors led to the point at which a number of countries faced critical situations (Easterly, 2002:2) in regards to their debt service payments. However a serious crisis did not emerge until the 1970s, when the price of oil had an untold effect on the next 40 years of debt. In the early 70s and again later in the decade oil prices rose dramatically, leading to mass amounts of oney being loaned to many LCDs with oil reserves, who obviously thought economic successes would be made rapidly. However the economic situation took a turn for the worse and soon inflation and interest rates rose and those creditors who had raced (Eichengreen Lindert 1992:1) to lend money for potential petro dollars (Whaites 1991), left many countries not only with a much higher debt and much higher interest rates, but also a world market facing a recession, meaning economies that relied on highly on trade would find fewer buyers and lower prices for their exports. Countries that had invested all their hopes and borrowed inance in the oil trade now faced debts that were completely unsustainable and those without reserves faced economic growth that was too slow to repay the money that had been borrowed. This situation has been viewed in two different ways, the creditors see such rash investments as a bad choice of economic policy, placing the blame on the debtors for their economic situation, whereas the debtors point the finger at the banks that were so keen to lend copious (Sachs 1989: 2) amounts of money out even after prices for oil had dropped for they were preoccupied with the large returns they were etting from previous loans, one leading bank was looking at 72% of the overall earnings coming from international operations in 1976 (Sachs 1989:8), meaning lenders were blind sighted to the fact that it was dim that the debt incurred in the 1970s ver paid back in full (Eichengreen Lindert 1992:3). The events in the 1970s set the precedent for the next 20+ years, in which problems were faced largely by a variety of cause and effect situations, meaning blame could be circulated over and over, there is no clear cause. However some countries such as Indonesia and South Korea success fully managed to gain some economic prosperity hrough loans, raising the question of whether they made wise investments opposed to the so called bad economic policies of some indebted countries, or whether their investments were lucky and caught the economy at the right time, highlighting again the difficulty of assigning blame. Whilst OECD states recovered from the recession reasonably easily, the heavily indebted countries fell further and further behind. In the case of Latin America the financial situation reached such a severe problem that Mexico defaulted on their loan, having a massive knock on effect on the willingness of creditors to lend. Leaving struggling ountries with no money to invest, no substantial demand for the export products they relied on so heavily and a disadvantage in the trade market, due to OECD states adopting protectionist policies, driving a wedge between market and shadow prices (Sachs 1989:13) and resulting in LDCs having little or no money for investment and development of welfare as it was being used for consumerism. Creditors had lost faith temporarily in lending out money (although lending was restored within a few short years) feeling debtors had dug themselves in a hole they could not get out of, with no escape from the service debt they were struggling to afford. Perhaps it is possible that ill thought out, unrealistic economic policies were applied in this period that did nothing but further widen the gap LDCs were desperately trying to close, various bad investments were made, which resulted in little economic benefits from the large loans undertaken. I feel it is debatable whether or not the banks had been ignorant to the massive risk they were taking through lending money (perhaps they even felt they had to do so as to give countries a chance? or whether the risk was always expected to end badly meaning the LDCs remained subordinated to rich owerful countries that already existed, the former colonial powers that had given countries freedom only due to the impossibility of retaining their empire successfully, ensuring more cheap labour and opportunities for cheap trade and exploitation of the third world countries who were trapped in their economic situation. Even recent debt relief programs that have been set up have to be questioned, whilst it is too soon to tell what effect the multilateral debt relief initiative will have, as Easterly comments, the last 3 years have seen debt ratios drop and per capita ncome rise in countries that had been deemed at completion point in the HIPC initiative of which the benefits are still as yet unclear. In order to gain help HIPC countries must comply with strict fiscal disciplines (Jubilee USA brief 2008) and allow the IMF to control key policies regarding financial spending supposedly to insure avoidance of any more bad policies being made. However, policies implemented by the IMF have prolonged austerity, reduced public spending and even driven the price of cotton in Mali down to an artificially low price in order to compete with other arkets with a variety of advantages, meaning little profit is being made (Jubilee USA brief 2008), contradictory of this information of the IMF website which claims to be increasing social spending amongst many other successes. However it is evidently resulted in less change to the debt than expected suggesting therefore that whilst blame may be tricky to assign for such huge debts, the solution is even harder to pin point. However whilst both the creditors and the debtors are eager to assign the blame to the other party, it is commonly the case that corruption is to blame for the extreme levels of the debt crisis. Jain (1998) talks extensively about corruption in economics and the power of that to destroy even a prosperous economy whether it be corruption amongst the creditors or debtors. Kremer and Jayachandran (2002) call this type of debt odious debt by which they mean illegitimate debt, which occurs through corrupt leadership taking out debts; never having intended to invest it in the country, but to keep it for themselves. A recent example of a case such as this is Mubarak, who is reported (BBC news 2011) to have up to $70 billion dollars that he has stolen over time from the Egyptian people, an mount twice as much as their countries entire debt which stands at $34. 46 billion. This huge injustice shows that the blame for huge economic crisis can sometimes lie with a corrupt leader good at concealing what he is doing (the HIPC initiative aims to tackle problems such as this) money taken in this way will never see any investment back into the country as it is often hidden where it will yield stable and lucrative (Whaites 1991) returns, in a phenomenon known as flight capital. Although is not always a case of illicit money being taken out of a country, but sometimes ore innocently a consequence of a bad economy, investors want to store their money where they will see the highest return, resulting in a vicious circle of low investment, low growth and continuing capital flight (Whaites 1991), once more highlighting that a solution is as hard to discover as placing blame for the start of the situation. After examining some of the origins of the debt crisis, as well as looking at how the situation has progressed in the last 40 years, it is still hard to see who exactly is to blame for the crisis, and no party is prepared to accept esponsibility as that could have serious repercussions, such as the banks being forced to call off the debts, or the LDCs being denied extensive aid. Whilst Eichengreen Lindert (2002) feel that circumstances such as this have happened in history before due to the nature or the international economy, Easterly (2002) highlights the impact irresponsible lending has had in what is described as violation of prudential standards of creditworthiness i. e. lending money to a source that can quite clearly not pay the money back, at least not without serious sacrifice. For whatever motives, the banks have made serious errors resulting in uncontrollable amounts of debt. However, many miscalculations have been made on the side of the debtors too, including both accepting unrealistic loans and harbouring overambitious goals (though can they be blamed for this? ). One of the key issues surrounding this debate is that the loans were not forced by either party, encouraged unwisely perhaps, or accepted too eagerly, but not forced. Therefore blame cannot be assigned, perhaps even, it is just the uncontrollable nature of our economy that is behind the crisis reaching the level it is at today. In cases where odious debt exists however it is much easier to pin point the driving force behind unsustainable debt unconceivable selfishness, corruption and complete disregard for the country they are supposed to be in charge of. Unfortunately whatever is to account for the situation today, it is clear who it is suffering the most from it, and sadly, those who are hit the hardest by the debt crisis are also the ones with the smallest influence on how it will shape out. Sadly it seems that economic capital is more valuable than human life and development.

Interest Rates Essays - Mathematical Finance, Financial Markets

Interest rate essay Causes of interest rates can be explained as -deferred consumption. When money is loaned the lender delays spending the money on consumption goods. Since according to time preference theory people prefer goods now to goods later, in a free market there will be a positive interest rate. Inflationary expectations. Most economies generally exhibit inflation, meaning a given amount of money buys fewer goods in the future than it will now. The borrower needs to compensate the lender for this. Alternative investments. The lender has a choice between using his money in different investments. If he chooses one, he forgoes the returns from all the others. Different investments effectively compete for funds. Risks of investment. There is always a risk that the borrower will default on the loan. This means that a lender generally charges a risk premium to ensure that, across his investments, he is compensated for those that fail. Liquidity preference. People prefer to have their resources ava ilable in a form that can immediately be exchanged, rather than a form that takes time or money to realize. Taxes. Because some of the gains from interest may be subject to taxes, the lender may insist on a higher rate to make up for this loss. The nominal interest rate is the amount, in money terms, of interest payable. The real interest rate, which measures the purchasing power of interest receipts, is calculated by adjusting the nominal rate charged to take inflation into account. There is a market for investments which ultimately includes the money market, bond market, and stock market and currency market as well as retail financial institutions. The CAPM returns the asset-appropriate required return or discount rate - i.e. the rate at which future cash flows produced by the asset should be discounted given that asset's relative riskiness. Betas exceeding one signify more than average "riskiness"; betas below one indicate lower than average. Thus a more risky stock will have a higher beta and will be discounted at a higher rate; less sensitive stocks will have lower betas and be discounted at a lower rate. The CAPM is consistent with intuition - investors (should) require a higher return for holding a more risky asset. Since beta reflects asset-specific sensitivity to non-diversifiable, i.e. market risk, the market as a whole, by definition, has a beta of one. Stock market indices are frequently used as local proxies for the market - and in that case (by definition) have a beta of one. An investor in a large, diversified portfolio (such as a mutual fund) therefore expects performance in line with the market. The risk of a portfolio is comprised of systematic risk and specific risk. Systematic risk refers to the risk common to all securities - i.e. market risk. Specific risk is the risk associated with individual assets. Specific risk can be diversified away (specific risks "average out"); systematic risk (within one market) cannot. Depending on the market, a portfolio of approximately 15 (or more) well selected shares might be sufficiently diversified to leave the portfolio exposed to systematic risk only. A rational investor should not take on any diversifiable risk, as only non-diversifiable risks are rewarded. Therefore, the required return on an asset, that is, the return that compensates for risk taken, must be linked to its riskiness in a portfolio context - i.e. its contribution to overall portfolio riskiness - as opposed to its "stand alone riskiness." In the CAPM context, portfolio risk is represented by higher variance i.e. less predictability. Exactly how these markets function is a complex question. However, economists generally agree that the interest rates yielded by any investment take into account: ?The risk-free cost of capital ?Inflationary expectations ?The level of risk in the investment ?The costs of the transaction The risk-free cost of capital is the real interest on a risk-free loan. While no loan is ever entirely risk-free, bills issued by major nations like the United States are generally regarded as risk-free benchmarks. This rate incorporates the deferred consumption and alternative investments elements of interest. The CAPM says that the expected return of a security or a portfolio equals the rate on a risk-free security plus a risk premium. If this expected